Which of the following can lead to interference in memory recall?

Learning new similar information can lead to interference in memory recall due to a phenomenon known as proactive or retroactive interference. When an individual learns new material that is similar to previously learned information, the new learning can confuse or disrupt the recall of the old information. This happens because the brain has difficulty distinguishing between the similar pieces of information, making it harder to retrieve the correct memory when needed.

For example, if a pilot learns about different types of aircraft that have similar operating procedures or characteristics, they may find it challenging to remember specific details about each one, leading to potential confusion during flight operations or instruction.

Other influences on memory recall, like long-term training, emotional experiences, or repetitive practice, can have different effects on memory. Long-term training generally strengthens memory retention through reinforcement, emotional experiences can enhance recall by creating strong associations, and repetitive practice typically solidifies memory rather than interfering. However, new and similar information can directly compete with existing memories, causing the interference that makes recall challenging.